Awareness of normal risk is not normal

What Risk Premium Is “Normal”?

The goal of this article is an estimate of the objective forward-looking U.S. equity risk premium relative to bonds through history—specifically, since 1802. For correct evaluation, such a complex topic requires several careful steps: To gauge the risk premium for stocks relative to bonds, we need an expected real stock return and an expected real bond return. To gauge the expected real bond re...

High-frequency oscillations: what is normal and what is not?

High-frequency oscillations (HFOs) in the 80-200 Hz range can be recorded from normal hippocampus and parahippocampal structures of humans and animals. They are believed to reflect inhibitory field potentials, which facilitate information transfer by synchronizing neuronal activity over long distances. HFOs in the range of 250-600 Hz (fast ripples, FRs) are pathologic and are readily recorded f...

Perinatal testosterone surge is required for normal adult bone size but not for normal bone remodeling.

Although testosterone (T) has striking effects on mature skeletal size and structure, it is not clear whether this depends exclusively on adult circulating levels of T or whether additional early-life factors also play a role. We have compared the androgen-deficient hypogonadal (hpg) mutant mouse with intact, orchidectomized, and T-treated non-hpg mice to determine relative contributions of adu...

Perinatal testosterone surge is required for normal adult bone size , but not for normal bone remodelling

The Phonemic Awareness Skills of Cochlear Implant Children and Children with Normal Hearing in Primary School

Objectives: Phonemic awareness skills have a significant impact on children speech and language. The purpose of this study was investigating the phonemic awareness skills of children with cochlear implant and normal hearing peers in primary school. Methods: phonemic awareness subscales of phonological awareness test were administered to 30 children with cochlear implantation at the first to ...